Smegenų venų trombozė
European Stroke Organization Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis – Endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology (ref)
| Part | Section/Topic | Clinical question | Quality of evidence | Recommendation | Strength of recommendation | Good clinical practice point |
| Part I.
Diagnostic recommendation |
Neuroimaging | In patients suspected of CVT should MR venography versus digital subtraction angiography (DSA) be used to diagnose CVT? | Very low | MR venography can be used as a reliable alternative to DSA for the confirmation of the diagnosis of CVT in patients with suspected CVT | Weak | |
| In patient with suspected CVT should CT venography versus digital subtraction angiography be used to diagnose CVT? | Very low | CT venography can be used as a reliable alternative to DSA for the diagnosis of CVT in patients with suspected CVT | Weak | |||
| In patients suspected of CVT, should CT venography versus MRI and MR venography be used to diagnose CVT? | Very low | CT venography can be used as a reliable alternative to MR venography for confirming the diagnosis of CVT in patients with suspected CVT | Weak | |||
| D-dimer | In patients suspected of acute cerebral venous thrombosis, should D-dimer be measured before neuroimaging to diagnose CVT? | Low | Measurement of D-dimer before neuroimaging is recommended in patients with suspected CVT, except in those with isolated headache or prolonged duration of symptoms | Weak | ||
| Screening for thrombophilia | In patients with CVT, does a policy of screening for thrombophilia prevents recurrent venous thrombosis, reduces death and improves functional outcome? | Very low | Thrombophilia screening is not recommended to reduce death, improve functional outcome or prevent recurrent venous thrombosis in patients with CVT | Weak | ||
| Malignancy screening | In patients with CVT, does screening for an occult malignancy (including haematological malignancies) improves outcome? | Very low | Routine screening for occult malignancy in patients with CVT is not recommended to improve outcome. | Weak | ||
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| Section | Topic | Clinical question | Quality of evidence | Recommendation | Strength of recommendation | Good clinical practice point |
| Part II.
Therapeutic recommendations |
Acute anticoagulant treatment | in patients with acute cerebral venous thrombosis, does anticoagulation improve clinical outcome compared to no anticoagulation? | Moderate | Treatment of adult patients with acute CVT with heparin in therapeutic dosage is recommended, including in those with intracerebral haemorrhage at baseline. | Strong | |
| Type of heparin in acute CVT | In patients with acute cerebral venous thrombosis does low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) improve clinical outcome compared to unfractionated heparin (UFH)? | Low | Treatment of patients with acute CVT with LMWH instead of UFH is recommended.
This does not apply to patients with contraindication for LMWH or situations where fast reversal of the anticoagulant effect is required (e.g. patients who have to undergo neurosurgical intervention). |
Weak | ||
| Thrombolysis and thrombectomy in acute CVT | Does thrombolysis improve clinical outcome compared to anticoagulation in patients with acute cerebral venous thrombosis? | Very low | No recommendation | Inconclusive | We suggest not using thrombolysis in acute CVT patients with a pre-treatment low risk of poor outcome | |
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| Section | Topic | Clinical question | Quality of evidence | Recommendation | Level of recommendation | Good clinical practice point |
| Part II.
Therapeutic recommendations |
Duration of anticoagulation | For patients with CVT, does treatment with long term anticoagulation ≥6 months improve outcome, compared with treatment with short-term anticoagulation (<6months)? | Very low | Using oral anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists) for a variable period (3-12 months) after CVT is recommended to prevent recurrent CVT and other venous thromboembolic events | Weak | Patients with recurrent venous thrombosis or with an associated prothrombotic condition with a high thrombotic risk may need permanent anticoagulation. We suggest following specific recommendations for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolic events in those conditions. |
| For patients with previous CVT, does treatment with long term anticoagulation reduce recurrence of venous thrombotic events, compared with treatment with short-term anticoagulation? | Very low | |||||
| New oral anticoagulants | In patients with cerebral venous thrombosis, does treatment with new oral anticoagulants (factor Xa or thrombin inhibitors) improve clinical outcome, reduce major haemorrhagic complications and reduce thrombotic recurrences, compared to conventional anticoagulation (heparin and vitamin K antagonists) | Very low | Use new oral anticoagulants for the treatment of CVT is not recommended, especially during the acute phase. | Weak | ||
| Therapeutic lumbar puncture | For patients with acute CVT and symptoms or signs of increased intracranial pressure, does therapeutic lumbar puncture (LP) improve outcome, compared with standard treatment? | Very low | No recommendation | Inconclusive | Therapeutic LP may be considered in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis and signs of intracranial hypertension, because of a potential beneficial effect on visual loss and/or headache, whenever its safety profile is acceptable. | |
| For patients with previous CVT and symptoms or signs of increased intracranial pressure, does therapeutic LP improve headache or visual disturbances? | Very low | No recommendation | ||||
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| Section | Topic | Clinical question | Quality of evidence | Recommendation | Level of recommendation | Good clinical practice point |
| Part II.
Therapeutic recommendations |
Acetazolamide and diuretics | For patients with acute CVT and symptoms or signs of increased intracranial pressure, does treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors improve outcome, compared with standard treatment? | Low | We suggest not using acetazolamide in patients with acute CVT to prevent death or to improve functional outcome | Weak | In isolated intracranial hypertension secondary to CVT, causing severe headaches or threatening vision, acetazolamide may be considered if its safety profile is acceptable |
| For patients with previous CVT and symptoms or signs of increased intracranial pressure, does treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors improve headache or visual disturbances? | Very low | No recommendation | ||||
| Steroids | For patients with acute CVT and symptoms or signs of increased intracranial pressure, does treatment with steroids improve outcome, compared with standard treatment? | Low | Steroids in patients with acute CVT are not recommended to prevent death or to improve functional outcome | Weak | We suggest to use steroids in patients with acute CVT and Behçet´s disease and other inflammatory diseases to improve outcome | |
| Shunt | For patients with acute or recent CVT and parenchymal lesion(s) with impending herniation does shunting (without other surgical treatment) improve outcome, compared with standard treatment? | Very low | Routine shunting (without other surgical treatment) in patients with acute CVT and impending brain herniation due to parenchymal lesions is not recommended to prevent death | Weak | ||
| For patients with acute or recent CVT and hydrocephalus does shunting (without other surgical treatment) improve outcome, compared with standard treatment? | Very low | No recommendation | Inconclusive | |||
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| Section | Topic | Clinical question | Quality of evidence | Recommendation | Level of recommendation | Good clinical practice point | |
| Part II.
Therapeutic recommendations |
Decompressive Surgery | For patients with acute CVT and parenchymal lesion(s) with impending herniation, does decompressive surgery (hemicraniectomy or hematoma evacuation) improve outcome, compared with conservative treatment? | Low | Decompressive surgery for patients with acute CVT and parenchymal lesion(s) with impending herniation is recommended to prevent death | Strong | ||
| Prevention of seizures and anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) | In patients with acute or recent CVT do antiepileptic drugs prevent acute and recent post-CVT seizures, compared with no antiepileptic treatment? | Low | Antiepileptic drugs in patients with acute CVT with supratentorial lesions and seizures are recommended to prevent early recurrent seizures | Weak | |||
| In patients with acute or recent CVT do antiepileptic drugs prevent remote post-CVT seizures, compared with no antiepileptic treatment? | Very low | No recommendation | inconclusive | ||||
| Cerebral Venous Thrombosis during Pregnancy | In pregnant and puerperal women with CVT, does the use of anticoagulant therapy improve the outcome without causing major risks to mother and foetus? | Low | Therapy with subcutaneous LMWH in pregnant and puerperal patients with acute CVT is recommended. | Weak | |||
| Contraceptive use after cerebral venous thrombosis | In women with prior CVT does used of combined oral hormonal contraception increase the risk of recurrent CVT or other VTE? | Very low | Women in fertile age and prior CVT should be informed about the risks of combined hormonal contraception and advised against its use. | Weak | |||
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| Section | Topic | Clinical question | Quality of evidence | Recommendation | Level of recommendation | Additional information | |
| Part II.
Therapeutic recommendations |
Safety of pregnancy following CVT | In females with previous history of CVT is a policy of not contraindicating future pregnancies associated with recurrence of CVT or other venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) (lower or upper limb deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, abdominal or pelvic venous thrombosis) and unfavourable pregnancy outcome? | Low | For all women with prior history of CVT, we suggest to inform on the absolute and relative risks of venous thrombotic events and abortion during subsequent pregnancies and to not contraindicate future pregnancies based only in the past history of CVT | Weak | ||
| For pregnant women with previous history of CVT, does prophylaxis with antithrombotic drugs reduce the risk of thromboembolic events or affect pregnancy outcome? | Low | Prophylaxis with sc LMWH during pregnancy/puerperium is recommended for pregnant women with previous history of CVT and without contraindication for prophylaxis or indication for anticoagulation in therapeutic dosage. | Weak | ||||
| Autorius | L. Griškevičius |
| Atnaujinta | 2020-06-16 |